Saturday, August 31, 2019

Business Economic †Macroeconomic Essay

Question 10: a) Which of the following are final goods and services and which are intermediate goods and services? Please explain why in your answer. i) A windscreen purchased by a motor vehicle spare parts supplier; Intermediate goods – by national accounts (GDP) windscreen primary production value has already been accounted. It is being resold at a deflated value as second hand goods. ii) A new bulldozer to be used by a construction company; Final goods – when a construction company buys and uses a new bulldozer becomes intermediate goods when it is used in the production of their products services in subsequent periods. iii) A household cleaning service purchased by a family from a domestic cleaning service company; Final good – the resale value of the business contain value added. But it is not previously included in the national accounts. iv) Coking coal Intermediate goods – as an ingredient it used into the production of other goods. As iron and steel, steam. Except being sold by exporting. b) An economy produces final goods and services with a market value of $800 billion in a given year, but only $750 billion worth of goods and services is sold to domestic or foreign buyers. Is this nation’s GDP $800 billion or $750 billion? Explain your answer. $800 billion is the nation’s GDP for the year. Because GDP includes the market value of final goods and services produced, despite the consequences of whether these products are sold. The unsold products are added to firm’s inventories and included in gross national and domestic investment. c) Explain why a new truck sold for use by a transport company is a final good, even though it is a fixed investment (capital) used to produce other goods. Should the value of this truck then be added to GDP or should only the goods it transports be included in GDP? ANS A new product and produced for the ultimate user is the final goods so the new tuck is a final goods, the transport company and therefore it should be added to GDP. By the ‘expenditure approach’. When a firm buys and uses the new truck, it subsequently becomes an intermediate good into the production of other products in subsequent periods. Question 14: a) The consumer price index (i.e. CPI) is the most commonly used measure of changes in the general level of prices in Australia. Discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages of using this measure. ANS: It is approved that there are no strong advantages in using this measure. There are three main criticism of this measure and they are: 1. Typical average basket for several age and income groups within the population may not reflect true consumer expenditure prototype. As, retired people buy a bundle of products that differs quite markedly form that of a typical family with fewer children related items. The CPI based inflation rate may undervalue the impact of inflation on older people if the cost of medical services is rising faster than other items of the CPI. Question 15: Which of the following would cause a growth in the money supply? Answer yes, no, or possibly. If your answer is ‘possibly’ then explain the circumstances under which the answer would be ‘yes’. ANS (a)The selling of government securities to banks; – NO because of money supply goes down. (b)A fall in interest rates; – POSSIBLY – If the fall in interest was in response to raise in money supply, then the interest rate fall has not caused money supply to rise. The reserve bank decided to reduce interest rates, it would have to increase money supply by market operations to ensure that the lower interest ratewas the equilibrium one. (c)An increase in government expenditure, financed by borrowing from the banking sector; – YES increasing money supply by the government outflow. (d)The purchase of government securities by the Central Bank from the banking sector; – YES – an increase in money supply purchase of government securities by the Central bank. (e)It is agreed by the Treasurer and the Governor of the Central Bank to reduce the target rate of inflation – NO – fall down money supply because this will result in reserve bank RAISING the cash rate and using market operations reducing the money supply to back it up. Question 16: ANS: (a)DVD recorders imported into the nation from Japan; – Imports of goods (() (b)Insurance cover purchased in the nation by overseas residents; – Exports of services (+) b) The nation gives overseas aid to a developing country; – Capital transfers sent overseas from the nation (–) (d)US car company sets up a factory in the nation; – Investment in the nation from overseas (+) (e)Some of the nation’s residents take a holiday in Bali; – Imports of services (() (f)Interest earned by the nation’s residents on overseas assets; – Other income inflows (+) (g)Running down the stock of foreign exchange in the Central Bank of the nation; – Drawing on reserves (+) (h)Migrants to the nation transferring property to the nation; – Capital transfers to the nation from overseas (+) (i)New deposits made in banks in the nation by overseas residents; – Short-term financial inflows (+) (j)The nation’s palm oil is sold in the United Kingdom – Exports of goods (+)

Friday, August 30, 2019

History Gcse Vietnam Coursework Essay

Source A is by US President Johnson, speaking in April 1965, one month after the start of Operation Rolling Thunder. It is a primary source. Johnson had a difficult job; he had to live up to be popular. The former president JFK was very popular. Johnson was a new president. He launched the direct involvement; former president only sent weapons and advisers. In the source, Johnson says USA got involved in Vietnam because â€Å"we have a promise to keep†. By saying promise he is referring to the Truman Doctrine. It is the promise made by Truman president of USA after World War Two, they promised to send money, weapons and advisers to the countries outside the Iron Curtain if they are over the threat of communism. Johnson feels that he has to carry on the promise. Americans expect Johnson to help out South Vietnamese. Americans think communism is evil, and they are the defender of democracy and capitalism. They think it6 is their job to contain communism. They have showed to the world that they will stand up over communism in Korea, Cuba and Greece; it is vital that they carry on containing communism to make America appear strong. The source is said to public in America. It is useful because it is from the president himself who lead the war which makes it is primary source because it was said at the time the war was going on. In addition, it gives us the reasons that Johnson told the public. It also tells us the official reason of why America was involved in the war. Because Johnson took them to war, many public believed him. Direct involvement has just begun and the incidents at gulf of Tongking and Pleiku were the excuses for America to bomb North Vietnam. The source is less useful because he doesn’t give a specific reason on why America was involved; he does not talk about the direct involvement, he is trying to justify his reasons on bombing Vietnam. He believes it is the right thing to do; he hides his private feelings. He also says the quote from the bible to back him up. â€Å"Hitherto shalt thou come, but no further†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he says that the god will say he is doing the right thing. He is trying to make people feel it is the moral thing. He also means that he don’t want communism to be over the Iron Curtain. Because the views from the Vietnamese people are missing it make the source less useful. It is biased because we only get Johnson’s point of view. The date is significant and it is said to persuade the public and it makes the source more likely to be propaganda. Johnson is desperate to put the public on government’s side. Because if the government does not get the support from the public there will be a massive protest. The source only shows Johnson’s point of view so we don’t know if the Vietnamese wanted America there. Johnson has just started to bomb Vietnam which makes it less reliable because he is trying to put the public on government’s side. This is not uncommon because it is what the other leaders have done in the past to put the public on their side. Because it is common that makes it les reliable; the politicians can exaggerate the reasons why they have gone to the war. Propaganda has been used in World War 2 and more recently in Iraq and Afghanistan and the public have to be cautious when listening to propaganda speeches. The media is trying to make the public believe that communism is bad. The source on its own is not very useful. Perhaps if it was cross-examined with other sources we will be able to understand more about the reasons of why America got involved in the Vietnam War. Source B is a private conversation said by us President Johnson in May 1964. The source tells us that Johnson’s fear of communism â€Å"of course if you start running from the communists they may chase you into your own kitchen† which is similar to source A in the fact that he talks about communism spreading to the West and America. He also tells us that he has a fear of losing power which he doesn’t mention in source A because it is a public conversation. He says that the politicians and advisers are giving him pressure to start the war which means that JFK was doing is not working anymore. The source was spoken in May 1964 but then the Operation Rolling Thunder hadn’t started. The USA was only helping the Vietnamese indirectly. The date is significant because it shows that he had thought about bombing Vietnam, it wasn’t a decision which was taken straightaway. He says that he is not confident that they will win the war â€Å"I don’t think it is worth fighting for. And I don’t think we can get out† which contradict with what he has said in source A. Source B is useful because it displays his true thoughts and feelings about going to war in Vietnam. Because the decisions to go into war are done by Johnson it makes the source more reliable. However, because the source only tells us one point of view as to why they are involved in Vietnam War; it limits its reliability and it’s not helpful if you’re looking for why they are involved in Vietnam. The source is privately said which makes it more reliable because it’s trustworthy and because there is more chance of it being the truth. It is more useful because it shows what he really think about Vietnam â€Å"we acre a hell of a lot less† it again contradicts with source A where he said we should act up on Vietnam; this makes source A less useful. But on the other hand source B is less reliable because we don’t know who he had this private conversation with. I think source B on its own is not very useful because he doesn’t say many reasons of why they got involved in Vietnam. But it is useful in way that it contradicts with source A and helps us think more about if source A is reliable. Source C is by Professor Noam Chomsky, he was an American critic of the war; which means that he is not going to be positive about what the government is doing. He is less reliable because we don’t know his background. He ahs got his own agenda; possibly he can be Anti-American. Because he is a professor, people are more likely to believe what he says because he is knowledgeable. However, it doesn’t mean what he says must be true. The source is less useful because we don’t know where he got the information from, to make it more useful we need to know the derivation of his information. The professor emphasises the fact that the government didn’t go to the war to help the South Vietnamese â€Å"its our ‘official’ truth now† he is saying that this is what the public was told by the government, it was what everyone believed at that time. â€Å"It’s just not true† in these lines what the professor actually means is that President Johnson is a liar. â€Å"The US did not want an independent South Vietnam that was no longer dominated by America† in these lines the professor is telling us that USA got involved in Vietnam because they did not want to lose the control over Vietnam and they wanted took powerful to the Soviets during the Cold War. The source tells us that the US got involved in Vietnam for trade and money because if the South Vietnamese turn communist they won’t trade with America, which means that they will have less economy. â€Å"It could not allow South Vietnam out of its orbit† in these lines what he is saying is that America want to show the world its strength and it wants to keep control over Vietnam. It is about America being selfish and its greedy motives. This supports what Johnson said in source B, he only says he cares about Vietnam in source A. The source is said to public because he is being interviewed, the source is not very reliable because it only shows his point of view. The professor wants the public to know the truth or what he thinks is the truth. There is less chance that the media has changed the source. The source is useful because it shows us a different viewpoint about America’s involvement in Vietnam War. The fact that the professor has said it in public shows that he is trying to achieve publicity for himself by exaggerating the reasons. The source is useful because it displays that not everybody agreed to the war and some people criticised their own government. It is also good because it shows a different opinion on Vietnam War; something we haven’t considered before. The source was spoken in October 1982 after the war has finished in the 1970’s. Chomsky is criticising the government because they have lost the war, there is more chance of public believing Chomsky than government and they will think that the government has made a mistake. It is less reliable because it is a secondary source and he doesn’t know what the real reasons were, he wasn’t there at the time nor he wasn’t part of the government. In my opinion, source C on its own is not very useful because ewe only get one person’s viewpoint. But if it was interrogated with other sources it can be more reliable. In conclusion, I think from all these sources I have studied source B is more useful because it shows us what president Johnson felt at that time of war and he was the one who sent out soldiers to Vietnam. But in source A he could be lying to the public to justify his reasons because he can’t say he sent troops down to Vietnam for his selfish motives. I haven’t chosen source C because I think that he is trying to gain popularity by criticising the government and that is his job.

Thursday, August 29, 2019

“Beowulf” by Seamus Heaney and the Anglo-Saxon poem “Dream of the Rood” Essay

Fealty is one of the greatly-recognized values of the Anglo-Saxon world. Often defined as a type of loyalty or allegiance, fealty plays a more engaging and active role in Seamus Heaneys Beowulf than in the Anglo-Saxon poem The Dream of the Rood because of the way it causes action to be taken. Understanding the use of this Anglo-Saxon value can reveal its importance in Anglo-Saxon life and literature. In Beowulf, the main character Beowulf uses fealty to empower him to perform heroic deeds. This is shown through the actions that he makes: upon hearing of the attacks by Grendel, Beowulf rushes to the aid of Hrothgar, a friend of his father’s. Beowulf’s father, Ecgtheow, previously killed Heatholaf, a member of the Wulfing tribe. According to Anglo-Saxon terminology and law, a debt or wergild must be paid to the relatives of the victim. Unable to pay this manprice (StudyGuide.org), Ecgtheow fled to avoid war. Hrothgar healed the feud by paying (Line 470) this debt which caused Beowulf’s father to swear fealty to Hrothgar. It is this fealty that his father made that encourages Beowulf to follow up on an old friendship (Line 376) and assist Hrothgar by defeating Grendel. Another example where Beowulf uses fealty to act heroic is the decision to fight the dragon. Although this occurs in the older phase of Beowulf’s life, his loyalty or fealty to the Geats as king of the people (Line 2513) obliges him to defend them, believing that its his duty. Conclusively, the utilization of fealty by Beowulf results in actions being carried out. The Anglo-Saxon value of fealty is also used by other characters in Beowulf to execute intrepid actions. The greatest example of this is the aid shown to Beowulf by Wiglaf during the battle against the dragon. During this battle, Beowulfs sword fails him and hes in need of assistance from the eleven comrades personally chosen for the encounter. However, excluding Wiglaf, that hand-picked troop broke ranks and ran for their lives (Lines 2597-2598). Wiglaf was the only warrior of the band who stood by his lord. In a sign of respect toward the heroic ideal of the Anglo-Saxon world that states that he is obligated to fight for their lord to the death (StudyGuide.org), Wiglaf interferes in the fight and they eventually defeat the dragon. This principle demonstrates how fealty is significant to  Anglo-Saxon life in the way it inspired Wiglaf to aid Beowulf. All in all, fealty is acutely used in Beowulf as a basis to which one could complete actions. In Dream of the Rood, fealty is shown by the cross to Christ but it doesnt play an actual role in the poem because the cross is an inanimate object and cannot use his fealty to protect his lord. In a sense, the fealty in this poem is more idealistic than in Beowulf since the cross has the determination and the eagerness to aid Christ during the crucifixion but he cannot interfere. This willpower is illustrated when Christ was placed on the Cross in preparation for the crucifixion. The cross states that although the ground shakes, it â€Å"dared†¦not against the Lord’s word/ bend or break (Lines 35-36). That provides the notion that the cross has the intention to help Christ because it bending or breaking would hinder Christ; the cross, by announcing that it wouldnt do such a thing verifies its fealty. Therefore, fealty is used in the poem as a concept, not as a reason for action. In conclusion, the application of fealty to the two Anglo-Saxon texts is evident but more significant in one then the other. Still, fealty contributes to both pieces of literature and its complex use exposes why it is so vital to Anglo-Saxon society. Works Cited Glenn, Jonathan A. â€Å"The Dream of the Rood.† University of Central Arkansas. May 2009 . Heaney, Seamus. Beowulf A New Verse Translation (Bilingual Edition). Boston: W. W. Norton & Company, 2001. â€Å"Beowulf – StudyGuide.org.† StudyGuide.org. May 2009 . Works ConsultedDictionary.com. May 2009 .

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Economic of Employment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Economic of Employment - Essay Example Investment banking services include commodity trading, equity trading which are the shares of companies and finally futures and option trading. These are just some of the services they offer in the market and their main difference with the commercial banks is that they do not accept deposits by the clients as savings and also those they don't offer loans. The roles played by the investment banks in the market clearly indicates the type of activities in the bank, employment into an investment bank is usually very competitive and this is because the rewards and high plus other benefits, the firms also offer various personal development programs which enable workers to personally advance in the future. This paper discusses the various daily activities that are present in an investment bank, training programs in the investment bank, and requirements for one to be recruited into the industry, compensation and reward system and finally the problems faced by the investment banks. An investment ban can be defined as a form of bank acts as an intermediary between investors and capital companies and firms, their main purpose is to provide capital requirements of companies and firms in the market, for this reason they will trade in stocks and bonds, they will also undertake structuring and evaluations on mergers and acquisitions, below are the major functions of investment banks: Function: a. Advisory services: An investment bank will offer advice to clients regarding the various investments and business planning, advice will also be offered on strategic planning and financial restructuring in order to achieve a fair proposed transaction, this service is important in the market because most investors and business are not aware of risks involved and also potential profits in the market. These services are offered by those employed and for this reason we can conclude that an individual may be chosen to undertake advisory services in the organization, this services requires good communication skills and also a wide knowledge of the market regarding the various risks and profitability of these options. b. Trading and sales of stocks and option: An investment bank will sell and trade in stocks and new offering in the market, this service is offered to clients who wish to hold securities by buying or selling these securities to them, this process involves the calculation of risk involved in holding stocks sold to them by clients and communicating this information to the clients regarding what they will offer for the stocks. This process requires the hedge of risks of holding such options and also information on the prevailing prices in the market. This service therefore requires that an individual interested in joining the investment bank as an employee must be good in mathematics and also must have the ability to undertake accurate predictions regarding prices in the market in order to avoid losses that may be occurred due to improper decision making, for this reason therefore the recruitment process is very competitive and only the academically qualified applicants are considered. c. Capital

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Are social media and increasing access to virtual reality altering our Essay

Are social media and increasing access to virtual reality altering our social interactions and expectations - Essay Example The social/cultural and ethical aspects that I will concentrate on pertain to privacy issues and the development of friendships, as well a social circles on-line. These are activities that Americans previously loved to do in real time using physical interaction but has now migrated to virtual settings within the context of social media. 3. What are the opponents of your position likely to claim? My opponents will be most likely to claim that social media has enhanced the social lives of people and allowed for a greater degree of friendship development since social media is used as a world wide connectivity and discussion tool. 4. What is your response or reason that suggests your opponents are incorrect? Simply put, we may have a large friends list in our social media accounts but we do not really know anything about them. Social media creates shallow friendships that do not last beyond a shared interest in a particular activity. These are simply friendships suggested by the social m edia based upon our perceived likes and dislikes. 5. Cite at least TWO outside resources that support your position and one that expresses the objection to your position. Two outside sources that support my position will come from Jay Baer's article â€Å"Social Media, Pretend Friends, and the Lie of False Intimacy† along with Kathleen C. and Anuhea R.'s â€Å"Free Speech: Benefit or Liability?†. ... For those living far apart from friends, postal mail was the way to go in terms of keeping in touch. Needless to say, making and keeping friends during the time of our parents really required effort in order to get to know each other and stay in touch. but all of that changed with the advent of social media. Twitter, Facebook, Myspace, all of these social channels allowed for instant connectivity among friends. It also allowed people to make friends with other people based upon shared likes and interests. The time had come for the rise of easy contact and making friends all over the world. Sadly, even though social media has created an excellent virtual reality setting that allows us to interact across the seas, it has also altered our social interactions and expectations in a negative manner. This paper will look at two of the main reasons for the negative influence of social media over our lives and methods of interacting with people as opposed to those who believe that social medi a has provided a tremendous benefit to our social interactions using various articles and journals that support and opposed the issue respectively. Let me start off this discussion with the reasons that people say social media has positively affected our social interaction and expectations. Proponents of social media say that the instant communication allowed by the system makes part of the conversation by allowing them to participate in discussions rather than talking at them (Folkens, Dave â€Å"3 Ways Social Media is Changing Public Relations†). By allowing people to have their say via social media, the group interaction helps to remove the communication barriers that used to exist for people during the infancy of the internet. As such, the internet has become a

Ecomonic Systems PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ecomonic Systems - PowerPoint Presentation Example To attain full utilization of the available limited, resources in a state, it entails adequate and effective apportioning, which calls for the intervention of diverse entities. For illustration, every entity has its core role that another party cannot manage effectively to accomplish. Conventional adopted economic systems encompass free market, mixed economy and planned economy (Duffy, 2008). Free Market Regime participation is minimal or all together neglected because the private and the client are the determiners in this system (Richards & Nwanna, 2010). In this system, both the consumer plus seller are liable for their actions or verdicts, which they normally implement while trading. This entails that the commodities price or value aligns with the demand or supply forces. Hence, no stringent measures regarding the prices, except that they should be fair and do not exploit the consumer, which denotes both sides benefit mutually. The market forces lies on demand, supply and ascertai ns shifting or fixing of varied commodities’ values (Richards & Nwanna, 2010). In the incidences where the demand of a certain merchandise falls contrasted to its supply, then it yields to price decline. Nevertheless, when the supply falls, the demand and value usually hike. This system usually offers absolute command on price in ascertaining apportion of resources in the market (Zhou, 2011, p. 223). The minimal involvement of the government entails ensuring order and fair prices that compare with commensurate forces of demand and supply (Zhou, 2011). Hence, prompting the sellers to be true to their ideals in exercising their privileges in a free environment (Richards & Nwanna, 2010). Contrary to other systems, issues regarding tariffs or subsidies are nonexistent. The private firms in accordance to the forces apparent in the market ascertains what to generate and when for the client. Since, the client is the determinant in deciding what to buy and depends on the occasion at disposal. Consequently, assist in utilization and apportioning of resources efficiently (Richards & Nwanna, 2010). Controlled economic system The government exercises its full right in assigning and determining to the details the verdict regarding diverse resources (Kamimura, Burani & Franca, 2011). Private lacks necessary command, thus denoting its influence is nonexistent over the economic tasks, which the regime plans. Suppose the private has to be involved, it entails that, on its part to give full compliance to resources and diverse necessities, since they are under the regime. Government is the sole determinant regarding what to fabricate, extent, value and mode proposed for sound production aimed at protecting the clientele from exploitation. The system entails that every commodity in the market must have directives emanating from the planners (Kamimura, Burani & Franca, 2011, p. 88). Contrarily, this may possess false forecasts or wrong verdicts that are divergent to the con sumer’s demand. Hence, yielding to the respective parties (consumer and private) incur loss silently for them lack the necessary authority to improve their situations. However, the system hardly experiences joblessness incidences since the government solely regulates allocation of human resource (Kamimura, Burani & Franca, 2011). Mainly, it seeks diverse opportunities to ensure that there are no such shortages, which might

Monday, August 26, 2019

European Sovereign Debt Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

European Sovereign Debt Crisis - Essay Example In addition, the crisis led to a downtown in the equity market and increased demand for gold because of loss of confidence in the Euro by investors. The states within the European market should learn from the consequences of sovereign default so that their economic condition is kept at check. To prevent debt crises, various financial institutions and policy makers in countries have used policies and strategies of stabilizing the economy, which include regulation of financial credit and national balance sheet management. Introduction The world economy is controlled by various financial and political forces, which should be regulated to avoid sovereign debt crises and defaults. The European Sovereign Debt Crisis illustrates the failure of financial institutions, which stretched across the world. Governments, which face such crises, may announce sovereign default leading to economic consequences. This paper gives a critical discussion of the European Foreign Debt Crisis of 2010/2011, it s impact in the bond market and the lessons, which the Eurozone states would learn, from sovereign defaulters such as Russia and Argentina. A critical analysis of the effectiveness of economic policies and the impact of sovereign debt crises on the financial landscape is also provided in this paper. Part A: European Sovereign Debt Crisis The recent European Sovereign Debt Crisis of 2010/2011 has many features in common with the financial stresses experienced in the early 1990s in the world economy. The features of the sovereign debt crises such as low risk on premiums, long duration of credit growth, abundant liquidity, high asset prices, strong leveraging, and real estate bubbles are experienced in the European Sovereign Debt Crisis which began in 2008 with the collapse of the banking system of Iceland. As a result, there is a lot of uncertainty of banks on the creditworthiness of the institutions in which they had heavily invested. As a result, there is reduced investments by bank s in various institutions in the United Kingdom as demonstrated by Brearley (2010, p. 36). Moreover the recent European Sovereign Debt Crisis has caused a big liquidity problem among the European banks. Because of the liquidity problem, the European banks are failing to rollover their debts. The European Sovereign Debt Crisis may be viewed as a mere liquidity problem by policy makers and financial institutions like the previous crises which would cause eventual collapse of the financial institutions. Estenssoro (2010, p. 4), explains the beginning of the recent European Foreign Debt Crisis by showing that the emergency concerned with the solvency of various financial institutions in Europe demonstrated a serious economic problem policy makers thought that it was unlikely for the financial systems in Europe to fail. From the point of view of Blundell-Wignall and Slovik (2010, p. 12), the European economy was believed to be immune to the financial turbulences because it was considered to be thriving through the good financial positions of businesses and households in addition to the growth in export. In September 2008 when the recent crisis began, these perceptions changed drastically with evaporation of valuations of the financial firms, which caused panic within the stock markets. At this point, the collapse of the financial institutions became a real threat to the stakeholders of the financial and manufacturing sectors. The sovereign debt

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Linguistic relativity theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Linguistic relativity theory - Essay Example The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: is it still applicable in the face of current linguistic theory What does it mean in present thinking; is it outmoded, or due for a revival Thinking-for-speaking and the Slobin idea. Do babies think before they speak, or does speaking encourage thinking The Hopi universe and the physics universe. Conception, speech and ways of describing things. The Dress of Thought, and seeing things though language.The essential components of the linguistic relativism theory are that different languages provide their users with different views of the world. Pablo Neruda, the great Spanish-language poet, pointed out that his poems did not translate well into other European languages, such as English and French, with a common Latin root. Much is lost in translation, and it seems to be much more than the simple meaning of each word. Other advances in linguistic relativism, such as the Thinking-for-Speaking theory, also imply that language is a necessary component in worldvi ews and social features. If human beings:Then how can each society relate to each other, and is common understanding even possible in a world where different communities view the same entity in different ways By looking at the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, followed by Slobin and other's theories of Thinking-for-Speaking, before going on to examine one nation's view of the universe which has returned to favor through the scientific community, and then by considering whether there is any way of conceptualizing entities except through language, this essay hopes to answer the question of whether People who speak different languages perceive and think about The world quite differently (Chandler) The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is understood to describe the relationship between the language of the speaker, and the way in which that speaker understands the world, and reacts to it. While neither Sapir nor Whorf ever claimed that their ideas were a hypothesis, this is how this theory of linguistic relativism is generally known today. This may be a mixed blessing, however, as the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis can be divided into two different theories, one 'hard SW' the other 'Mild SW'. Chandler sees the former hypothesis as that being used by Marshall McLuhan in his diatribes against the media: The technological determinism of his stance can be seen as An application of Extreme Whorfianism (Chandler) A milder reading of the SW hypothesis instead places emphasis upon the potential for society and language to be intermixed. Language is less of a cage in which the social being sits, and more of a two-way street, with language influencing society to the same extent that society influences language. Even this, however, still emphasizes the idea that society plus language equals a fixed worldview. Sapir even analyzed the different ways in which a person's speech is affected by their social surroundings (In Speech as a Personality Trait 1927). Generally, the more moderate version of the SW Hypothesis has become accepted in one form or another by most modern linguists. The most popular translation of the hypothesis is provided by the Thinking for Speaking theory coined by Slobin, which seem to suggest that speakers have to think about their language before they are able to convert that into speech. This also means that the speaker must have learned how to think in

Saturday, August 24, 2019

CRITICAL THINKING Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

CRITICAL THINKING - Coursework Example eas, theories and concepts of nursing and developing intellectual capacities and abilities in order to become self-directed, disciplined and critical thinkers (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2011). In nursing, critical thinking is the methodical, intellectual process of applying dexterous thinking as a guide to belief. It involves openness to question and reflection on the reasoning process employed to guarantee safe nursing practice and quality care. Critical thinking among nurses involves proficiency in using reasoning, adherence to intellectual standards, commitment to develop and sustain intellectual qualities of the mind and practices of ideas and the proficient use of reasoning skills (Finkelman, 2012). Nursing practitioners who are critical thinkers appraise and adhere to intellectual standards. Notably, critical thinkers in nursing endeavour to be unclouded, precise, accurate, significant, fair and logically competent when listening and speaking to patients and when reading and writing (Castledine, 2010). They think largely and deeply. In addition, critical thinkers in nursing develop their attitudes and dispositions to those of a fair-minded thinker. In this case, the nurses suspend their judgments till they truly apprehend another standpoint and phrase the position that another holds on a matter (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2011). Nurses come to coherent decisions so that they can act proficiently in practice. They continuously observe their reasoning, enquiring and replicating on the quality of

Friday, August 23, 2019

History of the KKK and their influence in society Research Paper

History of the KKK and their influence in society - Research Paper Example The history of KKK can be broadly divided into three: first, second and third. To be specific, the first Klan can be connected with its origin, the second with its growth/development and the third with its decline. As pointed out, the first Klan can be considered as the origin of KKK in America. For instance, the first Klan was formed in the year 1865 in Tennessee. The retired hands from the Confederate Army were the members who established KKK as a terrorist organization to fight against the freemen. But Bullard (1996), states that â€Å"By the mid 1870s, white Southerners didn’t need the Klan as much as before because they had by that time retaken control of most southern state governments†. The name of this organization originates from Greek language, meaning ‘group or circle of brothers’. The organizational structure of the first Klan was not based upon centralization or decentralization of power because there were a number of groups based upon the same ideology of racism. During this period, the Southern states within America were deeply influenced by the first Klan. In addition, the leaders and members began to target the black population in the southern states. The people who were in favor of racial equality were treated cruelly or murdered by the Klan members. But the Force Acts passed by the authorities in 1870 and the following year were helpful to limit the anti-social deeds initiated by the Klan. In short, the first Klan can be considered as the crude form of KKK, which spread the message of racial supremacy among the people in America. The second Klan: 1915–1944 The formation of the second Klan was in Georgia, in the year 1915. So, this year can be considered as the benchmark of the growth and development of Klan as a racist organization. But Laqueur ( 1977), opines that â€Å"The Second Klan (ca. 1915- 1944) also stood for white supremacy, but at the same time it campaigned for a great many other causes such as patriotism and attacked bootleggers, crapshooters and even wife-beaters† (p.10). Later in 1921, the leaders transformed the Klan from unorganized groups to well knit organization. For instance, the second Klan adopted an innovative system to recruit new members to the organization which accelerated its popularity among the majority. From a different angle of view, large scale immigration helped the Klan to spread its influence to the Western parts of America. Besides, more and more ideas were inculcated to the initial plan to spread racism. For instance, national politics and protest against the spread of communist ideology were connected to the Klan’s initial plan. To be specific, this change helped the Klan to have wide spread popularity among the people and violent activism became the most important mode o f protest. Gradually, the second Klan became more and more centralized. This was helpful to co-ordinate the

Thursday, August 22, 2019

A Man Defined by War Essay Example for Free

A Man Defined by War Essay Similar to many authors during the early part of the 20th century, Ernest Hemingway uses his first hand experience to write meticulous novels conveying his struggles. Hemingways efforts are recorded using new techniques not yet seen before. Hemingway, the author of the celebrated A Farwell To Arms, incorporates meaningful diction, imagery, and syntax in Book 1 to convey his detached tone towards the Great War. Book 1 of A Farewell To Arms sets the groundwork for one of the most influential novels of all time. Lieutenant Frederick Henry, an American ambulance driver for the Italian army, seems stoic about his situation. Henry meets a British nurse, Catherine Barkley. After an evening with Catherine, he says to himself, I had treated seeing Catherine very lightly, I had gotten somewhat drunk and had nearly forgotten to come but when I could not see her there I was feeling lonely and hollow. (41). This is the first time Henry fully recognizes that he loves Catherine. His body drained of guilt, Henry utter, when I could not see her.I was feeling hollow. A lover without a clue, Henry lays his problems, the war, his love life, and his friends on the table. While away from Catherine, he feels he goes through the motions needed to live but can not actually be attached to the world. Catherine completes him. Just after the priest discusses God, Henry walks through Abruzzi. He thinks to himself, lovely was the fall to go hunting through the chestnut woods. The birds were all good because they fed on grapes and you never took a lunch because the peasants were always honored if you would eat with them at their houses.(73). Henrys thoughts are obviously disconnected from his main problems. Pondering the birds, Henry detaches himself from the rest of the war. Hemingways personal issues regarding the war are exemplified in Henrys speech. Vibrant, vivid imagery became one of Hemingways favorite structural devices. In the early stages of the tale, Henry, still getting accustomed to his surroundings, finds time to observe the less important items of his experience. While viewing the scenery around him, Henry observes, snow slanted across the wind, the bare ground was covered, the stumps of trees projected, there was snow on the guns and there was paths in the snow going back to the latrines behind trenches. (6). His world completely changed, Henry resorts to crafting detached images for himself from his surroundings. Snow generates a sense of permanence, just as the war itself has produced. With the same disinterest as he has in the war, Henry continues to show a lack of concern on his job and sometimes with his friends. Hemingway wants the reader to reconsider their opinion of the Great War and contemplate the lesser things in the world such as nature. While driving an ambulance to Pavla, Henrys car is demolished by a trench mortar. A general without his authority, Henry struggled through this tragedy using his unbelievable willpower and audacity. Just before the attack, Henry, ate the end of my piece of cheese and took a swallow of winethen there was a flash, as when a blast-furnace door is swung open, and a roar that started white and went red and on and on in a rushing wind. (54). The mortar blast that attacks Henrys ambulance furthers his dismal attitude towards the war. Hemingway knows that innocent men such as Henry have been injured and killed throughout this war and he knows this is not fair. Above all, he further detaches Henry from the world and the war for the readers own thoughts to form about the evilness of guiltless casualties. Syntactical devices are one of literatures most important and practical modes to get a point across in an exciting and interesting manner. Authors utilize such tools to get deeper meanings across to the reader. A variety of syntax Hemingway utilizes is known as subject. Additionally, while he is illustrating one of those most impressing scenes of Book 1, Henry must deal with other feelings and sights. Henry observes, The dead were off to one side. The doctors were working with their sleeves up to their shoulders and were red as butchers. There were not enough stretchers. Some of the wounded were noisy but most were quiet (56-57). To cope with his negative opinions towards the war, Henry draws up his inner strength to battle them. With the same resolve that drove him to the war, Henry eliminates feelings of sorrow and shows a lack of interest on the front. Another syntactical device utilizes repetition. To prepare the reader for the upcoming idea, Hemingway creates a brilliant structural masterpiece. During a mess hall scene in Book 1, Henry narrates, Yes, father. That is true, father. Perhaps, father. No, father. Well, maybe yes, father. You know more about it than I do father. (38). By repeating the same father over and over again, Hemmingway initiates a serious, monotonous tone to this excerpt. The repetition alone is a cautious statement bending the limits of literature itself. Dr. Robert Lamb believes repetition is key to creating great literature, but the author must know how to apply it. He states, the most remarkable aspect of the passage is Hemingwaysemployment of repetition. The repetition of key words like want and perfectlyare used [to] keep the dialogues relevant. (Hemingway and the Creation17). Hemingway effectively displays repetition demonstrating Henrys disinterest and detachment from the war and all of its horrors. The everlasting war establishes Henrys dismal tone as he struggles to survive the war. Out of Henrys struggles emerged his strengths. In conclusion, Ernest Hemingways innovative techniques in the fields of diction, imagery, and syntax generate the protagonists detachment from World War I in Book 1. Deriving from his disinterest comes his affection for a young British nurse. Hemingways own conflicts in World War I blend with his views from that war and congregate in this masterpiece.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Labeling theory Essay Example for Free

Labeling theory Essay Please complete the following exercises, remembering that you are in an academic setting and should remain unbiased, considerate, and professional when completing this worksheet. Part I Select three of the identity categories below and name or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for each: †¢ Race †¢ Ethnicity †¢ Religion †¢ Gender †¢ Sexual orientation †¢ Age †¢ Disability. |Category |Stereotype 1 |Stereotype 2 |Stereotype 3 | |Race |Asians are genuises |African Americans are amazing at |All white people are racist | | | |all sports | | |Gender |Woman are moody |Women can’t drive |Men are rude | |Disability |Disabled people are not smart |Disabled are weak |Disabled need help with everything| Part II Answer each question in 50 to 100 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What are the positive aspects of stereotypes, if any? o I do not think that there any positive aspects of stereotypes. I know that there are positive stereotypes, but in general stereotypes are opinions and are negative most of the time. Just about every stereotype that is out there is offensive to someone and can hurt someones feelings. For example, a stereotype that hurts me is my weight. People automatically assume that since I am heavier that I am lazy and do not take care of myself or my kids and that is far from being true. What are the negative aspects of stereotypes? o There are many different negative aspects of stereotypes. One negative aspect is that a lot of stereotypes are highly offensice to some people and can cause people to become upset or angry. Another negative aspect is that as long as we have stereotypes people are going to continue being prejudice. Part III Answer each question in 50 to 150 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. Define stereotypes and prejudice. What is the difference between stereotyping and prejudice? Use examples to illustrate the differences. o Stereotypes are unreliable assumptions that are made towards a certain group without taking individual differences into mind. Prejudice is simply a negative attitude towards a group of people. The difference between prejudice and stereotypes is that stereotypes are made towards everyone involved in a certain group whether the opinion be positive or negative stereotypes links everyone in that group to be the same even though they are not. For example, a stereotype would be something like saying all gay guys are wimps. Prejudice on the otherhand is completely negative and affects an entire group such as a racial or religious group. An example of prejudice would be something like someone saying they hate all African Americans because their skin is a different color. What is the relationship between stereotyping and prejudice? o The relationship between stereotyping and prejudice is that both of them affect an entire group of people without taking into consideration the individual differences. Prejudice is the beginning circle of this negativity. People are prejudice and split different people into different groups. Once this is done stereotyping comes into play where people sort those groups into smaller categories by making opinions of the groups without seeing the differences. What can be done to prevent prejudice from occurring? o There are a few different ways that we can try and prevent prejudice from occurring. One way is education and research. If people took more time to learn about different people and the diversity that we have in this world I think that they would see all of the interesting things in others and would help prevent some of the prejudice. Another way that we can try and prevent prejudice is by eliminating stereotypes and not labeling people.

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Structure Of Nigerian Financial System Accounting Essay

Structure Of Nigerian Financial System Accounting Essay The need for transparency and clarity in the presentation of financial statements has been an endemic phenomenon which has contributed to the high level of corruption in Nigeria. This level of inadequacy in proper disclosure of relevant information is peculiar to most developing economies. Ali et al., (2009) buttressed the point that the level of disclosure of adequate and reliable information by companies in emerging nations lags behind developed western capital markets and regulatory bodies are less effective in enforcing the accounting regulations. They added that overseas investors are often hesitant to invest in companies operating in emerging economies due to the lack of transparency and lack of acceptance of internationally recognised standards. Chamisa (2000) pointed out that the international accounting harmonization objective is vital for developing countries because of their significant dependence on inflows of foreign capital to finance economic and industrial development s. This argument is clearly relevant to the Nigerian economy, which is dependent on the international institutions like World Bank and International Monetary Fund for funding. In a developing economy, such as Nigeria, financial sector development has been accompanied by structural and institutional changes. Financial sectors generally have long been recognised to play a crucial role in economic development of an economy (Ogujuiba and E.Obiechina, 2010).This sector is often seen as the backbone of the countrys economy due to its impact. The financial system in Nigeria became liberalized when structural adjustment programme was introduced in the 1980s. In recent years the system had undergone significant changes in terms of the policy environment, number of the institutions, ownership structure, depth and breadth of markets, as well as in the regulatory framework. However, in spite of the far reaching reforms of the past two decades, the Nigerian financial system is not yet in a position to fulfil its potential as a propeller of economic growth and development (Onoja et al.,2012). In Nigeria, most companies including financial institutions have been complying with standards issued by The Nigerian Accounting Standard Board (NASB) for a number of years. These standards represent Nigerian Generally Accepted Accounting Practice (PWC, 2011). The information disclosed in Audited Financial Statements (AFS) is guided primarily by the Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA) 1990. Section 334 (2) of the Act provides details of information to disclose. In addition to this provision, banks and other financial institutions including Primary Mortgage Institutions (PMI) are expected to comply with Banks and Other Financial Acts (BOFIA), and Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC) Act 2006 (Abiola and Ojo, 2012). However, in recent years it has been quite common for emerging economies to adopt, either wholly or partly modified form, International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as promulgated by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), with a view to improve corporate reporting standards and encourage international investments for the development of their economies otherwise struggling due to lack of resources (Ali et al, 2009). To this end, all financial institutions in Nigeria have been mandated by the regulatory bodies from January 1, 2012 to adopt IFRS as a means of improving financial reporting standards and encourage international investors to invest in the country. 1.2 Research Aim The overall aim of this research is to assess the prospects and the challenges of adoption of IFRS by financial institutions in Nigeria. It considers what impacts the adoption of IFRS could have in curbing the level of corruption and ensuring that high level of transparency is maintained in the major sector of the economy. 1.3 Research Objectives Specifically, within the context of this dissertation, the objectives of this research are to: 1) To examine if lack of transparency, mainly the inadequate disclosure of relevant information in the financial statements and incomparability with global accounting standards were the factors that necessitated the adoption of IFRS by Nigerian Financial institutions. 2) To assess if the costs of the adoption of IFRS outweigh its benefits. Consequently to enable the researcher to evaluate the prospects and challenges the adoption of IFRS is having on the financial sector. 3) To evaluate the impacts the adoption of IFRS will have on relevant areas of the financial reports ranging from the preparation and presentation of the financial statements, information technology and audit report. 4) To explore the potential benefits local and foreign investors will derive from the IFRS adoption. The review of the current writings on IFRS adoption has focused mainly on the developing economies, considering the impacts its adoption will have on those emerging markets. For instance, Bremer and Elias (2007) highlighted that companies from developing economies with weak financial transparency and corporate governance will find it difficult to raise capital and attract foreign investors. Similarly, D.Singh and Newberry (2008) focus on good corporate governance as one of the requirements for complying with International financial reporting standards by developing economies. The uniqueness of this dissertation is that it is specifically concentrating on the financial institutions in a developing economy, where the application of these international financial reporting standards is paramount. The role of financial institutions in developing economies cannot be overlooked, as stated by Bakker and Gross (2004,p.3) because they facilitate savings mobilisation by offering both individuals and institutional savers and investors additional instruments and channel for placement of their funds. In addition, they provide credibility for developing economies in International market. Hence, the researcher would be delving into the prospects and challenges the adoption of international financial reporting standards will have on these financial institutions in the context of Nigerian economy. 1.4 Statement of Research Problem and Questions The intention of this research is to gain an insight on the rationale behind the adoption of IFRS by financial institutions in Nigeria, the prospects and challenges of the transition from Nigerian GAAP to IFRS and the impacts of its adoption. In Nigerias economic history, the strides of the last few years, which have been internationally acclaimed, was exceptional. The many reforms that have engendered the current success have largely included those in the financial sector, particularly, the positive policy shifts in the domestic money market as a first step towards a more robust and enduring facilities for the sector (Iganiga, 2010). President of Institute of Chartered Accountant of Nigeria (ICAN), Mrs Elizabeth Adegite has stressed the need for transparency in the nations financial institutions, saying this would wage war against future failure in the sector (Ekeleme, 2009). The adoption of IFRS by this sector should address the issue of this lack of transparency. In order to achieve the objectives of this research, the questions that this finding seeks to answer are: 1) What are the driving factors and likely constraints the adoption of IFRS will impose on the financial Institutions in Nigeria? 2) What impacts would IFRS adoption have on the financial statements and other essential areas of the financial system? 1.5 Value of this Research This research adds value to current research specifically in the area of Impacts of IFRS adoption, in the context of Nigerian financial institutions, where the implementation of IFRS just took off beginning of this year 2012. This report will serve as a benchmark for future researchers or any knowledge seeker on the relevance of IFRS in an emerging economy like Nigeria, taking into cognisance the various schools of thought examined in this field. It will also enlighten the Nigerian public and as well boost the confidence of potential investors (be it foreign or local) on how the adoption of IFRS will provide credibility to the financial reporting made by the financial institutions. 1.5.1 Structure of Nigerian Financial system It is important to give a brief description of the structure of Nigerian Financial system in this early part of the research so as to have a glimpse of what it entails. Afangideh and Olofin (n.d.) stated that the Nigerian financial system can be broadly divided into two sub-sectors namely: the informal and the formal sectors. The informal sector comprises the local money lenders, the thrifts, saving associations, etc. This component is poorly developed, limited in reach, and not integrated into the formal financial system. Its exact size and effect on the entire economy remain unknown. The formal financial system on the other hand can be further subdivided into capital and money market institutions. This is shown in the diagram below: Figure : Structure of Nigerian Financial System Source: CBN 2010 Report 1.6 Structure of the Dissertation This dissertation is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction which includes background of the study, research aim and objectives, statement of research problem and question, structure of Nigerian financial system, value of the research and structure of the dissertation. Chapter two focuses mainly on literature review which comprises the globalisation of IFRS and definition of key terms, conceptual framework and models, the drive for IFRS by Nigerian financial institutions, previous research and evolution of Nigerian accounting system. Chapter three deals with research methodology which encompasses research method, research strategy, research approach, limitation of the research and method of data collection. Chapter four considers the case analysis and interpretation of findings. This consists of compatibility of Nigerian GAAP and IFRS, accounting differences between Nigerian GAAP and IFRS, converting to IFRS: effects on Nigerian Banking. Finally, Chapter Five is the conclusion and recommendation. This chapter deals with analysing the data and interpretation of the findings. This analysis involves data collected from both primary and secondary sources relating to financial institutions in Nigeria. This research utilizes hybrid method comprising both qualitative and quantitative methods. However, the qualitative method is the key method while quantitative method is used to back some of the findings of the qualitative method. It is expedient to first consider the compatibility of the Nigerian GAAP and the International financial Reporting Standards before assessing the prospects and challenges the adoption of the foreign standards on the financial institutions. 4.2 Compatibility of Nigerian GAAP and IFRS Before any logical country would consider adopting a foreign accounting standard, the first thing will be to look at the similarities and differences. If there are no differences, then adoption would be of no immense value. With the advent of globalisation, the worlds capital markets have witnessed rapid expansion, diversification and integration. These changes have brought a shift away from local financial reporting standards to global standards (Terzungwe, 2012). It is important to state here that no research work or even publication can do justice to the many differences in the details that exist between IFRS and Nigerian GAAP. According to Price Waterhouse Coopers Report (2011), the major similarities and differences between the IFRS and Nigerian GAAP are shown in the table below: institutions The prospects of adopting IFRS by Nigeria represented an ample shift in financial reporting for the countrys financial institutions because many requirements in IFRS differ from those in the Nigerian GAAP. The adoption of these foreign standards has a lot of promising prospects for the Nigerian financial institutions as they aim towards establishing their presence in the global markets. The various prospects that necessitated the adoption will be analysed below taking into cognisance the responses from the interviewees coupled with some relevant articles in order to enhance credibility. 4.3.1 Transparency and Credibility One of the most salient points put forward by the interviewees as a main prospect of adopting IFRS by Nigerian financial institutions is that it will enhance transparency and credibility. Thirty percent of those interviewed mentioned that lack of transparency and credibility in the area of financial reporting by financial institutions in the country has contributed to the slow progress of the economy. Some of them clearly stated that this lack of transparency is as a result of poor integrity of the management staff. They further explained that the lack of transparency is in the area of provision of inadequate reports, publishing financial statements on a highly selective basis and non-disclosure of important information that could influence the users of financial statements. This response is corroborated by Dr Ngama (2012), the former minister of state for finance in Nigeria, who highlighted that the failure of banks and other financial institutions is the lack of transparency, mainl y in form of manipulation of figures and full disclosure. According to Omotoye (2011) transparency and credibility are seen as important ingredients in nation building and formation of national character; help scholars better understand the dynamics of corruption and hold the key to successful resolution of corruption problems. With the adoption of IFRS, Coker (2012) stated that Nigerian financial institutions can be seen to hold their own in the international market and at the same time compete favourably. He added the financial sector must be seen to comply with the new transparency standards under IFRS in order to achieve their objectives. However, two of the respondents are of different opinions that they do not think the adoption of IFRS will create any more transparency than the local accounting standards. They believed that transparency is not a function of the accounting standards but the preparers of the financial statements. 4.3.2 Boost Reputation in the foreign market Another prospect highlighted by the interviewees is the boosting of the reputation of Nigerian financial institutions in the foreign market. A statement from one of the interviewees read: Nigeria and everything Nigerian including financial institutions have lost their reputation in the international market just because of our bad leadership and insincerity in terms of preparation and presentation of financial statements. He further stated that no Nigerian company wants to be associated with by foreign investors simply because of fraudulent act linked with Nigerians who are top officials in the so called reputable companies in the country. Sixty percent of the interviewees strongly agree that boosting of reputation of financial institutions in the international market is the main prospect of the adoption of IFRS in Nigeria. They believe that if financial statements are prepared under a global accounting standard, there will be less manipulation of figures which will inadvertently promote good image of the Nigerian companies in the foreign market. To support this statement, Ramanna and Sletten (2009) argued that countries choose to adopt IFRS when they expect to increase the share of foreign capital and trade in their economy: expected foreign involvement in an economy can make current adoption of international standards more attractive. They added that financial institutions with low levels of foreign capital and trade can choose to adopt IFRS if they are expecting growth in those factors. 4.3.3 To encourage foreign investors This is another vital prospect the respondents consider cannot be overlooked. In their opinion, they mentioned that the main rationale behind adopting IFRS is to encourage foreign investors. This prospect share the same percentage with the prospect mentioned above in the data collected. Sixty percent of the respondents are of the opinion that with the adoption of IFRS by financial institutions, foreign investors will be encouraged to invest in the companies because reports are clearly written in compliance with the foreign standards that they understand. Some of the respondents acknowledged that foreign investors confidence will be boosted because financial statements of potential companies can be compared with other similar companies in the foreign market. To substantiate this statement, Ali et al.(2009) wrote that overseas investors are often hesitant to invest in companies operating in emerging economies due to the lack of transparency and lack of acceptance of internationally rec ognised reporting standards. Ogunwale (2011) buttressed the point that the adoption of IFRS by companies operating in both private and public sectors would boost the investment climate in Nigeria. Foreign investors want financial statements that are comparable with those of similar businesses in other parts of the world, for strategic decision making in relation to mergers and acquisitions. Many foreign investors will require their subsidiaries in Nigeria to report in accordance with IFRS so that the parent company can comply with its reporting requirements in its home territory. Similarly, the implication of the new reporting format is that banks and other institutions are at the end of the financial year expected to embark on full disclosure of their activities to the extent that it should be understandable to both the shareholders and investors, while at the same in compliance with international best practice (BusinessDay, 2012). This means that financial statements prepared unde r international financial reporting standards will be more reliable than Nigerian GAAP. 4.3.4 To reduce level of corruption Another vital point raised by the interviewees is that with the adoption of IFRS the level of corruption among top management officials in financial institution will be reduced. Five percent of the people interviewed clearly pointed out that corruption may not be totally eradicated from the financial system but to a reasonable extent will be reduced. During the interview, reference was made to the sacking of corrupt bank chief executives by the Central Bank of Nigeria governor. In their opinion, the interviewees believed that if there had been a more concise and transparent accounting standards than the local standards, the fraudulent activities perpetrated by the banks top officers would not have been possible. One interviewee explained that in a view to fight corruption in the country, especially among top officers in notable companies, is one of the rationales that made the Federal Government of Nigeria to mandate companies to adopt IFRS. He further stated the more stringent provi sions in IFRS can address creative accounting that Nigerian GAAP is susceptible to. Onwubuariri (2012) stated that fighting corruption is not easy and since IFRS will ensure an accounting system that will checkmate corruption and fraud, there is expectation that not all stakeholders will be satisfied with its adoption. It is observed during the course of this research that there are some IFRS frameworks which Nigerian GAAP has no guidelines. For instance, the Price Water House Report (2011) reveals that no guidance exists for non-current assets held for sale or disposal group, financial liabilities classification, convertible instruments and other vital accounting transactions under the Nigerian GAAP compare to IFRS. These are areas susceptible to corrupt practices. 4.3.5 To facilitate cross border exchange listing Kip (2007) defines cross border listing as the listing of securities issued by a foreign issuer on a domestic securities exchange. He added that the reasons for this cross border exchange is for companies to boost their status as a truly global player, increase trading volume and improve shareholder relations. Five percent of the correspondents admitted that adoption of IFRS would enhance cross border exchange listing which may not be possible with Nigerian GAAP. They added that with IFRS in place, the obstacles like differences in accounting standards, inadequate financial information to cross border exchange listing will be removed because of the uniformity in the accounting standards. In a similar research conducted in India, with a parallel growing economy like Nigeria, it was observed that IFRS will eliminate blockades to cross border listing and would be beneficial for the investors who generally attributed to risk premium if the underline financial information is not prepared in accordance with international standards (Ray, 2012). The overall prospects of IFRS adoption by financial institutions responses from the research questionnaire distributed are shown in the table below coupled with a pie chart: Table : Percentage distribution of responses of respondents on the prospects of IFRS adoption by Nigerian financial institutions Ranking according to % of respondents 1 2 3 4 5 1Transparency and credibility 30% 2 To boost their reputation in the foreign market And also encourage foreign investors 60% 3 To enhance international comparison 60% 4 To reduce level of corruption 5% 5To facilitate cross border exchange listing 5% Figure : Prospects for the adoption of IFRS by Nigerian financial institutions 4.4 Challenges of IFRS adoption by Nigerian financial institutions The adoption of IFRS presents many challenges especially for many developing nations. Ehijeagbon (2010) wrote that the convergence to a single set of globally accepted high quality standards is vital to economic growth and ultimately in the best interest of the public, it is essential for all the stakeholders to consider the need for their operation in overcoming the attendant challenges that come with the adoption and implementation of international financial reporting standards. These challenges are analysed below: 4.4.1 Cost factor The first challenge put forward by the interviewee is the cost of implementation factor. Fifty percent of the responses from the questionnaire mentioned that there are various costs associated with the implementation of the foreign standards ranging from cost of training and cost of replacing Nigerian GAAP packages with IFRS packages. In their opinion, they believe the cost of hiring IFRS trainer, creating a conducive environment for the implementation and changing the local statement of accounting standards packages to IFRS packages will have a big impact on the earnings of the financial institutions. In support of this view, Terzungwe (2012) highlighted that converging to IFRS has a huge cost outlay which include the cost of training personnel to understand the new global standards, cost of acquiring new accounting packages that are needed for the implementation, cost of discarding former accounting packages that are not compatible with IFRS. Madawaki (2012) added that professional s (accountants, financial analysts, auditors, tax practioners, regulators, stockbrokers and accounting lecturers) are all looked upon to ensure successful implementation of IFRS which may prove costly to small-size financial institutions. He further stated that training materials on IFRS are not readily available at affordable costs in Nigeria to train such a large group which poses a great challenge to these financial institutions in adopting IFRS. However, twenty five percent of the respondents are of different opinion that cost cannot be a challenging factor to financial institutions taking into cognisance their financial strength. They asserted that majority of the countrys financial institutions have the financial capability to overcome the cost factor which is evidenced in their published financial statements; although their reported profits may be slightly affected in the short term but will be recupperated in the long term. An argument in favour of these respondents opinion was pointed out by Chadha (2010) that financial institutions with the intention to go global will consider cost as a benefit instead of a challenge because all their business units/investments will be on a common accounting platform. 4.4.2 Lack of personnel Thirty percent of the responses from the questionnaire showed that financial institutions in Nigeria do not have the right personnel to implement the IFRS. They are of the opinion that most of these financial institutions staffs are neither accountants nor auditors, thereby making it difficult to quickly adapt to the new accounting system. They added that some of the accountants in the financial organisations are not IFRS compliant because they are locally qualified. Oduware (2012) emphasised that the average accountant in most entities in Nigeria lacks understanding of advanced financial management techniques for instance financial instruments valuation, impairment analysis forecasting etc. This has slowed down the reporting process. These financial instruments are essential transactions of most financial institutions globally. In the course of this research, it is observed that lack of right and adequate personnel is major predicament for most emerging economies. The Minister of Fi nance in Nigeria, Mrs Ngozi O. Iweala (2011) acknowledged the fact that despite some training programme on the set of International standards organised by some financial firms in this category, they have not really gotten to the stage of embedding IFRS into their systems and process, even as some insisted that most of the companies in the country have no idea of how to go about the IFRS. Also, Adam (2009) cited a recent study conducted by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNTAD) indicates that there is serious shortage of personnel in developing countries that have the basic skills and experience to implement IFRS. This therefore makes it crucial for the issue of skill gap to be tackled at the very outset in our IFRS transition. In contrast to the above view, twenty five percent responses indicated that Nigerian financial institutions have the people it takes to implement the international accounting standards. In a similar manner, some responses from the interview conducted also supported this notion that there are qualified staffs in financial organisations that possess the necessary skills to implement the IFRS, although they may need to update knowledge. 4.4.3 Lack of infrastructure This is another challenge preventing the smooth flow of the implementation of IFRS by financial institutions in Nigeria as mentioned by some of the interviewees. Ten percent of the responses received agreed that most Nigerian companies lack the proper infrastructure to effectively carry out the execution of the foreign standards. Mwaura and Nyaboga (2009) wrote that more than a half of all African countries do not have the functional accounting organisations to ease the execution of the IFRS. They added that International Financial of Accountants (IFAC) faces the daunting task of assisting these developing countries to first develop functional professional accounting organisations. Similarly, O.Ailemen and Akande (2012) argued that some of the obstacles to full implementation of IFRS are the absence of training facilities and academic curriculum in school. They also pointed out that poor reporting systems are also indication of poor infrastructure. On the contrary, forty five responses disagreed with the above mentioned point. They strongly believed that Nigerian financial institutions have the technical know-how to Implement IFRS. They added that without proper infrastructure in place, they would not have been mandated to adopt IFRS in the first place. In their view, it is upheld that most Nigerian accounting standards are a replica of International financial reporting standards, except for few standards that are amended to suit the countrys environment. This argument is supported by Iyoha and Jafaru (2011) which declared that there are strong institutional infrastructure to make the transition to IFRS effective and rewarding like accountancy bodies (ICAN and ANAN), Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Nigerian Accounting Standards Board (NASB). 4.4.4 Political and cultural factor Politics and culture is also one of the challenging factors for adoption of IFRS by financial institutions in Nigeria, as most companies are being regulated by governmental bodies. Government, in both developed and undeveloped countries play important part when it comes to making decisions that affect the vital part of the countrys economy. The adoption of IFRS is of great significance to Nigeria which makes the role of the government inevitable. Ten percent responses confirmed that political and cultural factor is another unavoidable challenge in the Nigerian sector. The political factor is seen to be a challenge as explained by one interviewee due to lack of continuity when there is change of political power, which might have a negative effect on the activities of the financial sector. He stated that a new government might take over and not be in support of the IFRS due to the poor structure of the political setting With regards to culture, Jones et al., (2009) stated that integrat ing world-wide cultural differences to ensure that IFRS are applied and interpreted consistently is sure to be a difficult task. The management culture in most financial institutions in terms of compensation plan would have to be changed due to the differences in terms and conditions of Nigerian GAAP and IFRS (Ailemen and Akande, 2012). This tends to be a great challenge as most of the top officers feared that the terms and conditions of IFRS might be less favourable. However, five percent of the responses were of different opinion that the politics and culture may pose no challenge as the Nigerian government is more than prepared to ensure the smooth transition from the local GAAP to IFRS. To corroborate this opinion, Omankhanlen (2010) reported that the Federal Government of Nigeria is in support of the adoption of the foreign standards because it will facilitate rapid economic development as explained by the countrys Minister of Commerce and Industry in a summit organised by NASB. In addition, the Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria, a federal government agency, has concluded the arrangements for the establishment of IFRS academy as a platform the development of contemporary skills sets in all aspects of accounting and financial reporting amongst preparers, users, regulators and auditors of financial report, and the teaching and learning of IFRS in Nigeria and Africa (Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria , 2012). The overall responses on the challenges of IFRS adoption by Nigerian financial institutions are depicted in the table and graph below: Table : Percentage distribution of responses on the challenges of IFRS adoption by Nigerian financial institutions 1 2 3 4 Ranking according to % of respondents Agree Disagree Agree Disagree Agree Disagree Agree Disagree 1. Cost 50% 25% 2. Lack of personnel 30% 25% 3. Lack of infrastructure 10% 45% 4. P

China :: essays research papers

China China is a land of beauty and fascination that tempts travelers from all over the world. It is a massive country, covering 6,000,000 square miles and spanning 60 longitudinal degrees. It has large variety of people, natural landscape,a brilliant history and a culture with fascinating destinations that visitors attends to be amazed. China, represents one of the earliest civilizations in the world, has a recorded history of about 3,600 years. It possesses rich historical documents as well as ancient relics. It is the inventor of compass, paper-making, gunpowder and printing. The Great Wall, Grand Canal and Karez irrigation system are three great ancient engineering projects built 2,000 years ago. Now they are the symbols of the rich culture of the Chinese nation. Like other nations, China, in its development, passed through the stages of primitive society, slave society, and feudal society. During the middle decades of the 19th century, capitalist forces of foreign countries invaded China, and China was slowly transformed into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. The founding of the People's Republic in 1949 marked China's entry into the socialist stage. During the long period of historical development, the industrious, courageous, and intelligent Chinese people of all nationalities collectively created a great civilization, and made a great contribution to all of mankind For the first time in decades a Chinese government was met with peace, instead of massive military opposition, within it’s territory. However, it wasn’t like that for long, in the first half of the 20th century, China was beset by major famines, civil unrest, military defeats, and foreign occupation. After World War II, the communists under MAO Zedong established a dictatorship that, while ensureing China’s sovereignty, imposed strict controls over everyday life and cost the lives of tens of millions of people. This new leadership was highly disciplined and, having a decade of wartime administrative experience to draw on, was able to embark on a program of national integration and reform. In the first year of Communist administration, moderate social and economic policies were implemented with skill and effectiveness.

Monday, August 19, 2019

External Research Essay -- essays research papers

The External Business Environment Today, business has evolved into highly competitive industries who offer goods and/or services. Businesses are connected with society on all Political, Economical, Technological, and Socio-cultural levels. The Business environment has become chaotic as the world constantly changes and grows. The past decade has yielded advances in every field imaginable, and created a very dynamic, competitive free market in the U.S. The Consumer Services Industry:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Business today is made up of two types of industries, goods and services. Services in general face an extremely competitive market. Services are often intangible, and difficult to place value on. The consumer service industry is directly related to the state of an economy. Consumers must have the available free income to obtain the services, and become loyal users of it. The consumer must be made to perceive that the option does in fact lie within his/her reach and such an option will in fact enrich life for the customer. Also, the consumer must be made to see that time must be made available in order to take advantage of the opportunity. One of the most prevalent forms of competition in the consumer industry is differentiation. It’s important to be an innovator and original to stay on top. The service industry relies heavily upon consumer turnout. This heavy reliance has led to the consumer dictating much of the decision making. A service business must always hold t...

Sunday, August 18, 2019

Lewis Latimer :: essays research papers

Lewis Latimer was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts in 1848. He was the son of George and Rebecca Latimer, escaped slaves from Virginia. When Lewis Latimer was a boy his father George was arrested and tried as a slave fugitive. The judge ordered his return to Virginia and slavery, but the local community to pay for George Latimer’s freedom raised money. George Latimer later went underground fearing his re-enslavement, a great hardship for Lewis' family. Lewis Latimer enlisted in the Union Navy at the age of 15 by forging the age on his birth certificate. Upon the completion of his military service, Lewis Latimer returned to Boston, Massachusetts where he was employed by the patent solicitors Crosby & Gould. While working in the office Lewis began the study of drafting and eventually became their head draftsmen. During his employment with Crosby & Gould, Latimer drafted the patent drawings for Alexander Graham Bell's patent application for the telephone, spending long nights with the inventor. Bell rushed his patent application to the patent office mere hours ahead of the competition and won the patent rights to the telephone with the help of Latimer. Hiram Maxim, founder of the U.S. Electric Light Co., at Bridgeport, CN, and the inventor of the Maxim machine gun, hired Lewis Latimer as an assistant manager and draftsman. Latimer's talent for drafting and his creative genius led him to invent a method of making carbon filaments for the Maxim electric incandescent lamp. In 1881, he supervised the installation of the electric lights in New York, Philadelphia, Montreal, and London. Lewis Latimer was the original draftsman for Thomas Edison (who he started working for in 1884) and as such was the star witness in Edison’s infringement suits. Lewis Latimer was the only African American member of the twenty-four "Edison Pioneers", Thomas Edison's engineering division of the Edison Company. Latimer also co-authored a book on electricity published in 1890 called, "Incandescent Electric Lighting: A Practical Description of the Edison System." Lewis Latimer had many interests. He was an inventor, draftsman, engineer, author, poet, musician, and, at the same time, a devoted family man and philanthropist.

Saturday, August 17, 2019

How does the poet use language to create a vivid portrayal of love?

First Love was written by John Clare (1793-1864) about his true love for a woman called Mary Joyce, who was from an upper class family, differing from his background from lower class. Even though Mary Joyce was the love of his life, he married another woman and had a family with her. In later years, his obsession led to him being admitted in to an asylum. During his time there, he had been said to think he was Lord Bryon (Mary Joyce's actual husband). She was the daughter of a wealthy farmer who did not approve of him. His infatuated love for her drove him to insanity. The poem talks about the first time he laid his eye upon her. In the essay, I will discuss how the poet uses language to create a dramatic portrayal of his love. The first stanza is full of terms with vibrant connotations. The poet uses this to create a jovial atmosphere and help the reader determine his emotions at that time. The very first line informs the reader that love had never ‘struck' him before that day that he saw her. The word ‘struck' denotes that it was something unexpected and impulsive. He links her beauty to a radiant flower, using the words ‘sweet' and ‘bloomed'. The word ‘bloomed' may also imply that when he saw her, his world brightened and he felt alive. ‘And it stole my heart away complete' entails that upon laying his eyes on her, she had his utmost attention. The last four lines of this stanza indicate that he perceived her as goddess; this because his face turned a ‘deadly pale' – it depicts how nervous she made him. Clare claims his ‘legs refused to walk away'; this symbolises the trance he was in and how hypnotic her beauty was to him. And when she looked what could I ail? ‘ – alludes that when she looked his way, he was left breathless. ‘My life and all seemed turned to clay'; this line conveys how to him, everything else in his world came to a stop in that moment. Although, it is just the first verse, it expresses quite eloquently how he felt. This concludes that what Clare felt upon their first meeting, was something he had never experienced before and the clammy, bewilderment he felt left him breath taken and yearning for her. He truly believed that it was love at first sight and he could not rest because he didn't have her. I think that he became a bit too fixated with his love for her and couldn't let go. This affected his health and wellbeing, eventually leading him to lose his mentality. In my opinion, it may have been love at first, but, thereafter, it became lust where he just longed for her. If he truly loved her, he would have been happy for her even if it meant without him.

Friday, August 16, 2019

Its Nature, Strengths and Weaknesses

Balanced of Literacy is philosophical literacy approach which children would learn how to read and write effectively. Teachers use different effective teaching technique and eternally guide students in accumulating new knowledge. The system uses the principles of Motivation, Engagement, Guidance and Individualism or Self-actualization. Also it uses the phonics rule to help students to read accurately. On the other hand, the program has also weaknesses. Educators certainly believe that balanced education can be achieved not only in using the Phonics method but also the learning principle called Whole Language.Education will be its best form when the two rules mixes and will be applied accordingly to enhance children’s ability to read and write. Balanced Literacy: Its Nature, Strengths and Weaknesses Balanced Literacy is the principle of learning on how to achieve and develop proper reading and writing through determined support and proper technique from the teacher. The princip le uses premiere techniques to motivate and inculcate values to the students. Basically, it is a program that cultivates student’s skills in different fields bearing in mind different approaches for the students.Also, the teachers use approaches that consider the degree or level of complexity subject matter appropriate for the students. To sum up, the technique also makes it a point to respect and to be acquainted with the student’s culture, religion and especially academic diversity. (Frey, et al, 2005, p. 272) Nature and Importance The philosophical orientation of balanced literacy uses different strategies proven to help student’s particular abilities. The importance of balanced literacy in education is inevitable considering its applications in educating children. In this practice, the ability of the teacher to teach is necessary.The teacher’s basic teaching skills must be polished in order to gain responsive actions from the students. The common conc erns and practices include the following: Motivation, Engagement, Guidance and Individualism. (Frey, et al, 2005, p. 272) Motivation, Engagement and Guidance comes simultaneously. Motivation is the principle of attracting or stimulating participant’s interest in the writing and reading. The teacher encourages students to do well and pay attention in everything they do. This method is one way of uplifting egos of participants so that proper education may take place.Also, in this strategy, student will be able to realize the significance of learning and the role of education in molding their lives. Engagement is the process in which students will be active in joining different activities set by teacher. They are listening attentively and give responses in the best way they can do. Also, they are teacher oriented where they seem to value teachers’ instructions to a great extent. The nature of engagement uses different approaches. This method is the most critical stage whe re the most learning takes place. In this system, teachers use different excellent teaching techniques.The method includes Teachers Reading, Shared Reading, Teachers Writing and Shared Writing. Teachers Reading is the process in which the teacher reads a story in a loud voice incorporated by emotions depicted in the story. This will cultivate student’s vocabulary and will activate student’s ability in predicting how the story goes and assessing the sense of the story. On the other hand, Shared Reading is the method in which students and teacher reads together. Shared reading will surely enhance students’ reading strategies. (Strickland 2001) Also, they would develop correct pronunciation as well as fluency and phrasing.To sum up, this practice will surely inculcate the value of politeness and respect as students will be able to listen to teacher as they read. The concept of â€Å"Teacher writing and Shared Writing† is the process in which teacher gives th e model writing and students try to do it in with the guidance of the teacher. The purpose of this method is primarily is to develop student’s concept of hand writing applying writing strategies. This method is a catalyst in helping students in familiarizing the alphabet and will further support their reading and communicating development.(Heydon et. al, 2004, pg 44) On the other hand, the balanced literacy program also uses the Phonics method where teacher uses the principle of spelling and the students are taught of sound relationships. Students are given with passage containing various words that applies the Phonics rule. Consistently, with this method, children will be able to comprehend more the text and appreciating or knowing the words precisely. (Wren, 2000) After the students are monitored by the teachers, children will read and write on their own. This method is called Individualism or Self-actualization.This method is also called the progression stage where the chi ld will act out the things that he learned. Problems with Balanced of Literacy Educators from different parts of the world are debating on what is the most accepted literacy program that would certainly and consistently teach children in the most effective way. Considering the great and wide applications of Balanced Literacy, it is one of the most distinguished and most eminent literacy programs. However, it has also certain flaws. Educators across the globe are questioning the use of the method of Phonics in the method.They are claiming that the in order to be called a â€Å"Balanced Literacy†, the Phonics method should be used in accordance with the Whole Language. Whole Language is a literacy principle in which teachers tend to teach children on focusing on the meaning of the text, undermining its authority and its essence. Also, students are paying attention to moderate skill instruction. (Chitrapu, 1996, p 28) Finally, educators believe that education will be in its best when the combination of the two principles will be used to teach children to read accurately and precisely. Narrowing downThroughout the years, balanced of Literacy continue to help children to expand their horizon in the field of education. It is unquestionably one of the best literacy programs as it continues to nourish and feed the mind of young generation in an exceptional way. References Chitrapu, Devil. English Teaching Forum. Whole Language: Adapting the Approach for Large Classes. Volume 34, No 2, April – June 1996. Page 28 Frey, Bruce B. , Lee, Steve W. , Tollefson, Nona. , Pass, Lisa, Massengill, Donita. Balanced Literacy in an Urban School District. Journal of Educational Research. p272Heydon, Rachel, Hibbert, Kathryn, Iannacci, Luigi. Strategies to Support Balanced Literacy Approaches in Pre- and Inservice Teacher Education. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy. December 2004. p44. Strickland, Dorothy (2001). Balanced Literacy: Teaching the Skills and Thrills i n Reading Retrieved August 09, 2008 from, http://teacher. scholastic. com/professional/teachstrat/balanced. htm Wren, Sebastian (2000). What Does a Balanced Literacy Approach Mean? Soutwest Eduactional Development Laboratory Magazine. Retrieved August 10, 2008 from,http://www. sedl. org/reading/topics/balanced. html

Thursday, August 15, 2019

Technical Project Paper: Information Systems Security

You are the Information Security Officer for a small pharmacy that has recently been opened in the local shopping mall. The daily operation of a pharmacy is a unique business that requires a combination of both physical and logical access controls to protect medication and funds maintained located on the premises and personally identifiable information and protected health information of your customers. Your supervisor has tasked you with identifying inherent risks associated with this pharmacy and establishing physical and logical access control methods that will mitigate the risks identified.Firewall (1) Windows 2008 Active Directory Domain Controllers (DC) (1) File Server (1) Desktop computers (4) Dedicated T1 Connection (1) Write a ten to fifteen (10-15) page paper in which you: Identify and analyze any potential physical vulnerabilities and threats that require consideration. Identify and analyze any potential logical vulnerabilities and threats that require consideration. Illus trate in writing the potential impact of all identified physical vulnerabilities and threats to the network and the pharmacy. Identify all potential vulnerabilities that may exist in the documented network.Illustrate in writing the potential impact of all identified logical vulnerabilities to the network and the pharmacy. For each physical vulnerability and threat identified, choose a strategy for dealing with the risk (i. e. , risk mitigation, risk assignment, risk acceptance, or risk avoidance). For each logical vulnerability and threat identified, choose a strategy for dealing with the risk (i. e. , risk mitigation, risk assignment, risk acceptance, or risk avoidance).For each physical vulnerability and threat identified, develop controls (i. e. administrative, preventative, detective, and corrective) that will be used to mitigate each risk. For each logical vulnerability and threat identified, develop controls (i. e. , administrative, preventative, detective, and corrective) tha t will be used to mitigate each risk. Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements: Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length. The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are: Explain the concepts of information systems security as applied to an IT infrastructure. Describe how malicious attacks, threats, and vulnerabilities impact an IT infrastructure. Explain the means attackers use to compromise systems and networks, and defenses used by organizations.Explain the role of access controls in implementing a security policy. Exp lain how businesses apply cryptography in maintaining information security. Analyze the importance of network principles and architecture to security operations. Use technology and information resources to research issues in information systems security. Write clearly and concisely about network security topics using proper writing mechanics and technical style conventions. Grading for this assignment will be based on answer quality, logic/organization of the paper, and language and writing skills, using the following rubric.